In this study type, researchers gather data without manipulating a variable, such as in a review of public health data. These studies have no experimental or control groups but can be powerful for detecting patterns in large samples or measuring correlations between variables.
How likely an event is, divided by the likelihood that it won’t occur. Many scientific papers report their findings in this way.
Publicly accessible datasets that can be used and distributed freely.
Publications that provide free access to their articles.
The tools or tests that researchers use to assess relationships or effects in their studies. Researchers should specify which outcomes (also known as endpoints) they intend to measure before a study begins, and their published results should involve those same outcomes.
A number that’s extremely high or low, compared with the other values in a dataset. Researchers might exclude outliers from their analyses, potentially skewing their results.
Experts with relevant expertise who weren't directly involved in the research you're covering. These sources can offer important perspectives on a study's implications and weaknesses.
